Which of the following is essential for the execution of a valid promissory note?

A valid promissory note is fundamentally an unconditional promise made by one party to pay a specified sum of money to another party under predetermined terms. The essential element for a promissory note to be enforceable is the signature of the maker—the individual or entity that is promising to pay. This signature signifies acceptance of the terms outlined in the document and serves as proof of the maker's obligation to fulfill the payment.

While certain additional features can enhance the credibility or security of a promissory note—such as witnesses, notarization, or collateral documentation—these elements are not strictly necessary for the note to be valid. The legal framework surrounding promissory notes establishes that the presence of the maker's signature is the core requirement, establishing the note's binding nature as a financial instrument.